历史地理学英语名词

发布时间: 2021-02-25 05:33:52

❶ 语文,数学,英语,物理,化学,生物,政治,历史,地理,体育,美术的英语单词分别怎么写

Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry, biology, politics, history, geography, sports, art

❷ 历史地理学方面的英语介绍

Historical Geology

Historical geology focuses on the study of the evolution of earth and its life through time. Historical geology includes many subfields. Stratigraphy and sedimentary geology are fields that investigate layered rocks and the environments in which they are found. Geochronology is the study of determining the age of rocks, while paleontology is the study of fossils. Other fields, such as paleoceanography, paleoseismology, paleoclimatology, and paleomagnetism, apply geologic knowledge of ancient conditions to learn more about the earth. The Greek prefix paleo is used to identify ancient conditions or periods in time, and commonly means “the reconstruction of the past.”

B1 Stratigraphy

Stratigraphy is the study of the history of the earth's crust, particularly its stratified (layered) rocks. Stratigraphy is concerned with determining age relationships of rocks as well as their distribution in space and time. Rocks may be studied in an outcrop but commonly are studied from drilled cores (samples that have been collected by drilling into the earth). Most of the earth's surface is covered with sediment or layered rocks that record much of geologic history; this is what makes stratigraphy important. It is also important for many economic and environmental reasons. A large portion of the world's fossil fuels, such as oil, gas, and coal, are found in stratified rocks, and much of the world's groundwater is stored in sediments or stratified rocks.

Stratigraphy may be subdivided into a number of fields. Biostratigraphy is the use of fossils for age determination and correlation of rock layers; magnetostratigraphy is the use of magnetic properties in rocks for similar purposes. Newer fields in stratigraphy include chemostratigraphy, seismic stratigraphy, and sequence stratigraphy. Chemostratigraphy uses chemical properties of strata for age determination and correlation as well as for recognizing events in the geologic record. For example, oxygen isotopes (forms of oxygen that contain a different number of neutrons in the nuclei of atoms) may provide evidence of an ancient paleoclimate. Carbon isotopes may identify biologic events, such as extinctions. Rare chemical elements may be concentrated in a marker layer (a distinctive layer that can be correlated over long distances). Seismic stratigraphy is the subsurface study of stratified rocks using seismic reflection techniques. This field has revolutionized stratigraphic studies since the late 1970s and is now used extensively both on land and offshore. Seismic stratigraphy is used for economic reasons, such as finding oil, and for scientific studies. An offshoot of seismic stratigraphy is sequence stratigraphy, which helps geologists reconstruct sea level changes throughout time. The rocks used in sequence stratigraphy are bounded by, or surrounded by, surfaces of erosion called unconformities.

B2 Sedimentology

Sedimentology, or sedimentary geology, is the study of sediments and sedimentary rocks and the determination of their origin. Sedimentary geology is process oriented, focusing on how sediment was deposited. Sedimentologists are geologists who attempt to interpret past environments based on the observed characteristics, called facies, of sedimentary rocks. Facies analysis uses physical, chemical, and biological characteristics to reconstruct ancient environments. Facies analysis helps sedimentologists determine the features of the layers, such as their geometry, or layer shape; porosity, or how many pores the rocks in the layers have; and permeability, or how permeable the layers are to fluids. This type of analysis is important economically for understanding oil and gas reservoirs as well as groundwater supplies.

B3 Geochronology

The determination of the age of rocks is called geochronology. The fundamental tool of geochronology is radiometric dating (the use of radioactive decay processes as recorded in earth materials to determine the numerical age of rocks). Most radiometric dating techniques are useful in dating igneous and metamorphic rocks and minerals. One type of non-radiometric dating, called strontium isotope dating, measures different forms of the element strontium in sedimentary materials to date the layers. Geologists also have ways to determine the ages of surfaces that have been exposed to the sun and to cosmic rays. These methods are called thermoluminescence dating and cosmogenic isotope dating. Geologists can count the annual layers recorded in tree rings, ice cores, and certain sediments such as those found in lakes, for very precise geochronology. However, this method is only useful for time periods up to tens of thousands of years. Some geoscientists are now using Milankovitch cycles (the record of change in materials caused by variations in the earth's orbit) as a geologic time clock. See also Dating Methods: Radiometric Dating.

B4 Paleontology and Paleobiology

Paleontology is the study of ancient or fossil life. Paleobiology is the application of biological principles to the study of ancient life on earth. These fields are fundamental to stratigraphy and are used to reconstruct the history of organisms' evolution and extinction throughout earth history. The oldest fossils are older than 3 billion years, although fossils do not become abundant and diverse until about 500 million years ago. Different fossil organisms are characteristic of different times, and at certain times in earth history, there have been mass extinctions (times when a large proportion of life disappears). Other organisms then replace the extinct forms. The study of fossils is one of the most useful tools for reconstructing geologic history because plants and animals are sensitive to environmental changes, such as changes in the climate, temperature, food sources, or sunlight. Their fossil record reflects the world that existed while they were alive. Paleontology is commonly divided into vertebrate paleontology (the study of organisms with backbones), invertebrate paleontology (the study of organisms without backbones), and micropaleontology (the study of microscopic fossil organisms). Many other subfields of paleontology exist as well. Paleobotanists study fossil plants, and palynologists study fossil pollen. Ichnology is the study of trace fossils—, trails, and burrows left by organisms. Paleoecology attempts to reconstruct the behavior and relationships of ancient organisms.

B5 Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology

Paleoceanography (the study of ancient oceans) and paleoclimatology (the study of ancient climates) are two subfields that use fossils to help reconstruct ancient conditions. Scientists also study stable isotopes, or different forms, of oxygen to reconstruct ancient temperatures. They use carbon and other chemicals to reconstruct aspects of ancient oceanographic and climatic conditions. Detailed paleoclimatic studies have used cores from ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland to reconstruct the last 200,000 years. Ocean cores, tree rings, and lake sediments are also useful in paleoclimatology. Geologists hope that by understanding past oceanographic and climatic changes, they can help predict future change.

VI HISTORY OF GEOLOGY

Geology originated as a modern scientific discipline in the 18th century, but humans have been collecting systematic knowledge of the earth since at least the Stone Age. In the Stone Age, people made stone tools and pottery, and had to know which materials were useful for these tasks. Between the 4th century and 1st century bc, ancient Greek and Roman philosophers began the task of keeping written records relating to geology. Throughout the medieval and Renaissance periods, people began to study mineralogy and made detailed geologic observations. The 18th and 19th centuries brought widespread study of geology, including the publication of Charles Lyell’s book Principles of Geology, and the National Surveys (expeditions that focused on the collection of geologic and other scientific data). The concept of geologic time was further developed ring the 19th century as well. At the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, the field of geology expanded even more. During this time, geologists developed the theories of continental drift, plate tectonics, and seafloor spreading.

A Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophers

In western science, the first written records of geological thought come from the Greeks and Romans. In the 1st century bc, for example, Roman architect Vitruvius wrote about building materials such as pozzolana, a volcanic ash that Romans used to make hydraulic cement, which hardened under water. Historian Pliny the Elder, in his encyclopedia, Naturalis Historia (Natural History), summarized Greek and Roman ideas about nature.

Science as an organized system of thought can trace its roots back to the Greek philosopher Aristotle. In the 4th century bc Aristotle developed a philosophical system that explained nature in a methodical way. His system proposed that the world is made of four elements (earth, air, fire, and water), with four qualities (cold, hot, dry, and wet), and four causes (material, efficient, formal, and final). According to Aristotle, elements could change into one another, and the earth was filled with water and air, which could rush about and cause earthquakes. Other philosophers of this era who wrote about earth materials and processes include Aristotle's student Theophrastus, the author of an essay on stones.

B Chinese Civilizations

Chinese civilizations developed ideas about the earth and technologies for studying the earth. For example, in 132 AD the Chinese philosopher Chang Heng invented the earliest known seismoscope. This instrument had a circle of dragons holding balls in their mouths, surrounded by frogs at the base. The balls would drop into the mouths of frogs when an earthquake occurred. Depending on which ball was dropped, the direction of the earthquake could be determined.

C Medieval and Renaissance Periods

The nature and origin of minerals and rocks interested many ancient writers, and mineralogy may have been the first systematic study to arise in the earth sciences. The Saxon chemist Georgius Agricola wrote De Re Metallica (On the Subject of Metals) following early work by both the Islam natural philosopher Avicenna and the German naturalist Albertus Magnus. De Re Metallica was published in 1556, a year after Agricola’s death. Many consider this book to be the foundation of mineralogy, mining, and metallurgy.

Medieval thought was strongly influenced by Aristotle, but science began to move in a new direction ring the Renaissance Period. In the early 1600s, English natural philosopher Francis Bacon reasoned that detailed observations were required to make conclusions. Around this time French philosopher René Descartes argued for a new, rational system of thought. Most natural philosophers, or scientists, in this era studied many aspects of philosophy and science, not focusing on geology alone.

Studies of the earth ring this time can be placed in three categories. The first, cosmology, proposed a structure of the earth and its place in the universe. As an example of a cosmology, in the early 1500s Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the earth was a satellite in a sun-centered system. The second category, cosmogony, concerned the origin of the earth and the solar system. The Saxon mathematician and natural philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von Leibniz, in a cosmogony, described an initially molten earth, with a crust that cooled and broke up, forming mountains and valleys. The third category of study was in the tradition of Francis Bacon, and it involved detailed observations of rocks and related features. English scientist Robert Hooke and Danish anatomist and geologist Nicolaus Steno (Niels Stenson) both made observations in the 17th century of fossils and studied other geologic topics as well. In the 17th century, mineralogy also continued as an important field, both in theory and in practical matters, for example, with the work of German chemist J. J. Becher and Irish natural philosopher Robert Boyle.

D Geology in the 18th and 19th Centuries

By the 18th century, geological study began to emerge as a separate field. Italian mining geologist Giovanni Arino, Prussian chemist and mineralogist Johan Gottlob Lehmann, and Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman all developed ways to categorize the layers of rocks on the earth's surface. The German physician Georg Fuchsel defined the concept of a geologic formation—a distinctly mappable body of rocks. The German scientist Abraham Gottlob Werner called himself a geognost (a knower of the earth). He used these categorizations to develop a theory that the earth's layers had precipitated from a universal ocean. Werner's system was very influential, and his followers were known as Neptunists. This system suggested that even basalt and granite were precipitated from water. Others, such as English naturalists James Hutton and John Playfair, argued that basalt and granite were igneous rocks, solidified from molten materials, such as lava and magma. The group that held this belief became known as Volcanists or Plutonists.

By the early 19th century, many people were studying geologic topics, although the term geologist was not yet in general use. Scientists, such as Scottish geologist Charles Lyell, and French geologist Louis Constant Prevost, wanted to establish geology as a rational scientific field, like chemistry or physics. They found this goal to be a challenge in two important ways. First, some people wanted to reconcile geology with the account of creation in Genesis (a book of the Old Testament) or wanted to use supernatural explanations for geologic features. Second, others, such as French anatomist Georges Cuvier, used catastrophes to explain much of earth’s history. In response to these two challenges, Lyell proposed a strict form of uniformitarianism, which assumed not only uniformity of laws but also uniformity of rates and conditions. However, assuming the uniformity of rates and conditions was incorrect, because not all processes have had constant rates throughout time. Also, the earth has had different conditions throughout geologic time—that is, the earth as a rocky planet has evolved. Although Lyell was incorrect to assume uniformity of rates and conditions, his well reasoned and very influential three-volume book, Principles of Geology, was published and revised 11 times between 1830 and 1872. Many geologists consider this book to mark the beginning of geology as a professional field.

Although parts of their theories were rejected, Abraham Gottlob Werner and Georges Cuvier made important contributions to stratigraphy and historical geology. Werner's students and followers went about attempting to correlate rocks according to his system, developing the field of physical stratigraphy. Cuvier and his co-worker Alexandre Brongniart, along with English surveyor William Smith, established the principles of biostratigraphy, using fossils to establish the age of rocks and to correlate them from place to place. Later, with these established stratigraphies, geologists used fossils to reconstruct the history of life's evolution on earth.

E Age of Geologic Exploration

In the late 18th and the 19th centuries, naturalists on voyages of exploration began to make important contributions to geology. Reports by German natural historian Alexander von Humboldt about his travels influenced the worlds of science and art. The English naturalist Charles Darwin, well known for his theory of evolution, began his scientific career on the voyage of the HMS Beagle, where he made many geological observations. American geologist James Dwight Dana sailed with the Wilkes Expedition throughout the Pacific and made observations of volcanic islands and coral reefs. In the 1870s, the HMS Challenger was launched as the first expedition specifically to study the oceans.

Expeditions on land also led to new geologic observations. Countries and states established geological surveys in order to collect information and map geologic resources. For example, in the 1860s and 1870s Clarence King, Ferdinand V. Hayden, John Wesley Powell, and George Wheeler concted four surveys of the American West. These surveys led to several new concepts in geology. American geologist Grove Karl Gilbert described the Basin and Range Province and first recognized laccoliths (round igneous rock intrusions). Reports also came back of spectacular sites such as Yellowstone, Yosemite, and the Grand Canyon, which would later become national parks. Competition between these survey parties finally led the Congress of the United States to establish the U.S. Geological Survey in 1879.

F Geologic Time

Determining the age of the earth became a renewed scholarly effort in the 19th century. Unlike the Greeks and most eastern philosophers, who considered the earth to be eternal, western philosophers believed that the planet had a definite beginning and must have a measurable age. One way to measure this age was to count generations in the Bible, as the Anglican Archbishop James Ussher did in the 1600s, coming up with a total of about 6000 years. In the 1700s, French natural scientist George Louis Leclerc (Comte de Buffon) tried to measure the age of the earth. He calculated the time it would take the planet to cool based on the cooling rates of iron balls and came up with 75,000 years. During the 18th century, James Hutton argued that processes such as erosion, occurring at observed rates, indicated an earth that was immeasurably old. By the early 19th century, geologists commonly spoke in terms of "millions of years." Even religious professors, such as English clergyman and geologist William Buckland, referred to this length of time.

Other means for calculating the age of the earth used in the 19th century included determining how long it would take the sea to become salty and calculating how long it would take for thick piles of sediment to accumulate. Irish physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) returned to Buffon's method and calculated that the earth was no more than 100 million years old. Meanwhile, Charles Darwin and others argued that evolution proceeded slowly enough that it required at least hundreds of millions of years.

With the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 by French physicist Henri Becquerel, scientists, such as British physicist Ernest Rutherford and American radiochemist Bertram Boltwood, recognized that the ages of minerals and rocks could be determined by radiometric dating. By the early 20th century, Boltwood had dated some rocks to be more than 2 billion years old. During this time, English geologist Arthur Holmes began a long career of refining the dates on the geologic time scale, a practice that continues to this day.

G Theory of Continental Drift

In 1910 American geologist Frank B. Taylor proposed that lateral (sideways) motion of continents caused mountain belts to form on their front edges. Building on this idea in 1912, German meteorologist Alfred Wegener proposed a theory that came to be known as Continental Drift: He proposed that the continents had moved and were once part of one, large supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener was attempting to explain the origin of continents and oceans when he expanded upon Taylor’s idea. His evidence included the shapes of continents, the physics of ocean crust, the distribution of fossils, and paleoclimatology data.

Continental drift helped to explain a major geologic issue of the 19th century: the origin of mountains. Theories commonly called on the cooling and contracting of the earth to form mountain chains. The mountain-building theories of German geo

❸ 数学,语文,英语,历史,地理,生物,用英语怎么说

数学复：arith ／制mathematics／maths／math
语文：Chinese
英语：English
历史：annals／history
地理:geography
生物:abc warfare/biology/critter life-form/quick

❹ “地理”的英文怎么读

地理的英文翻译是geography，句中作为名词使用，具体解析如下：

geography

英 [dʒiˈɒgrəfi] 美 [dʒiˈɑ:grəfi]

n.地理（学）;地形，地势;布局

(4)历史地理学英语名词扩展阅读

相关例句：

1、.

他仔细研究了该省的地形。

2、.

它帮助你同时学习英语和地理。

3、I'.

我也学历史和地理。

4、The geography paper was difficult.

地理试题很难。

5、I have only a sketchy knowledge of geography.

我对地理只是一知半解。

❺ 用英语翻译几个学科。专有名词

哲学 Philosophy
马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism
中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy
外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies
逻辑学 Logic
伦理学 Ethics
美学 Aesthetics
宗教学 Science of Religion
科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology
经济学 Economics
理论经济学 Theoretical Economics
政治经济学 Political Economy
经济思想史 History of Economic Thought
经济史 History of Economic
西方经济学 Western Economics
世界经济 World Economics
人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics
应用经济学 Applied Economics
国民经济学 National Economics
区域经济学 Regional Economics
财政学（含税收学） Public Finance (including Taxation)
金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance)
产业经济学 Instrial Economics
国际贸易学 International Trade
劳动经济学 Labor Economics
统计学 Statistics
数量经济学 Quantitative Economics
中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称
国防经济学 National Defense Economics
法学 Law
法学 Science of Law
法学理论 Jurisprudence
法律史 Legal History
宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law
刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence
民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )
诉讼法学 Science of Procere Laws
经济法学 Science of Economic Law
环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law
国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)
军事法学 Science of Military Law
政治学 Political Science
政治学理论 Political Theory
中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution
科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Socialism and International
Communist Movement
中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China
(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)
马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Ecation of Marxist Theory and Ecation in Ideology and Politics
国际政治学 International Politics
国际关系学 International Relations
外交学 Diplomacy
社会学 Sociology
社会学 Sociology
人口学 Demography
人类学 Anthropology
民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)
民族学 Ethnology
民族学 Ethnology
马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy
中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics
中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History
中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art
教育学 Ecation
教育学 Ecation Science
教育学原理 Ecational Principle
课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology
教育史 History of Ecation
比较教育学 Comparative Ecation
学前教育学 Pre-school Ecation
高等教育学 Higher Ecation
成人教育学 Alt Ecation
职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Ecation
特殊教育学 Special Ecation
教育技术学 Ecation Technology
心理学 Psychology
基础心理学 Basic Psychology
发展与心理学 Developmental and Ecational Psychology
应用心理学 Applied Psychology
体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports
体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports
运动人体科学 Human Movement Science
体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training
民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports
文学 Literature
中国语言文学 Chinese Literature
文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art
语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics
汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology
中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text
中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature
中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature
中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and
Literature
比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature
外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures
英语语言文学 English Language and Literature
俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature
法语语言文学 French Language and Literature
德语语言文学 German Language and Literature
日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature
印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature
西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature
阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature
欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature
亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature
外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in
Foreign Languages
新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication
新闻学 Journalism
传播学 Communication
艺术学 Art
艺术学 Art Theory
音乐学 Music
美术学 Fine Arts
设计艺术学 Artistic Design
戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera
电影学 Film
广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art
舞蹈学 Dance
历史学 History
历史学 History
史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science
考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology
历史地理学 Historical Geography
历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (including
Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang)
专门史 History of Particular Subjects
中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History
中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History
世界史 World History
理学 Natural Science
数学 Mathematics
基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics
计算数学 Computational Mathematics
概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics
应用数学 Applied mathematics
运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics
物理学 Physics
理论物理 Theoretical Physics
粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics
原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics
等离子体物理 Plasma Physics
凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics
声学 Acoustics
光学 Optics
无线电物理 Radio Physics
化学 Chemistry
无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry
分析化学 Analytical Chemistry
有机化学 Organic Chemistry
物理化学（含化学物理） Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics)
高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers
天文学 Astronomy
天体物理 Astrophysics
天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics
地理学 Geography
自然地理学 Physical Geography
人文地理学 Human Geography
地图学与地理信息系统 Cartography and Geography Information System
大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences
气象学 Meteorology
大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment
海洋科学 Marine Sciences
物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography
海洋化学 Marine Chemistry
海洋生理学 Marine Biology
海洋地质学 Marine Geology
地球物理学 Geophysics
固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics
空间物理学 Space Physics
地质学 Geology
矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology
地球化学 Geochemistry
古生物学与地层学（含古人类学） Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including
Paleoanthropology)
构造地质学 Structural Geology
第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology
生物学 Biology
植物学 Botany
动物学 Zoology
生理学 Physiology
水生生物学 Hydrobiology
微生物学 Microbiology
神经生物学 Neurobiology
遗传学 Genetics
发育生物学 Developmental Biology
细胞生物学 Cell Biology
生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
生物物理学 Biophysics
生态学 Ecology
系统科学 Systems Science
系统理论 Systems Theory
系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration
科学技术史 History of Science and Technology
工学 Engineering
力学 Mechanics
一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics
固体力学 Solid Mechanics
流体力学 Fluid Mechanics
工程力学 Engineering Mechanics
机械工程 Mechanical Engineering
机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation
机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering
机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory
车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering
光学工程 Optical Engineering
仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology
精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery
测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments
材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering
材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry
材料学 Materialogy
材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering
冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering
冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy
钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy
有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy
动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics
工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics
热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering
动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering
流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering
制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering
化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment
电气工程 Electrical Engineering
电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus
电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation
高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology
电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives
电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering
电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology
物理电子学 Physical Electronics
电路与系统 Circuits and Systems
微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics
电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology
信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering
通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems
信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing
控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering
控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering
检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment
系统工程 Systems Engineering
模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems
导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control
计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology
计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory
计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization
计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology
建筑学 Architecture
建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory
建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory
城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计） Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)
建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science
土木工程 Civil Engineering
岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering
结构工程 Structural Engineering
市政工程 Municipal Engineering
供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering
防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Rection Engineering and Protective Engineering
桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering
水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering
水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources
水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics
水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering
水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering
港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering
测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping
大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering
摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering
化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology
化学工程 Chemical Engineering
化学工艺 Chemical Technology
生物化工 Biochemical Engineering
应用化学 Applied Chemistry
工业催化 Instrial Catalysis
地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering
矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration
地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology
地质工程 Geological Engineering
矿业工程 Mineral Engineering
采矿工程 Mining Engineering
矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering
安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering
石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering
油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering
油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering
油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering
纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering
纺织工程 Textile Engineering
纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design
纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering
服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering
轻工技术与工程 The Light Instry Technology and Engineering
制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering
制糖工程 Sugar Engineering
发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering
皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering
交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering
道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering
交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control
交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management
载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering
船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure
轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering
水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering
航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology
飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design
航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering
航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle
人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering
兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology
武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering
兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology
火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering
军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics
核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology
核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering
核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials
核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications
辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection
农业工程 Agricultural Engineering
放射医学 Radiation Medicine
航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine
临床医学 Clinical Medicine
内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学） Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)
儿科学 Pediatrics
老年医学 Geriatrics
神经病学 Neurology
精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health
皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology
影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine
临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics
护理学 Nursing
外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学） Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)
妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology
眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty
耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology
肿瘤学 Oncology
康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy
运动医学 Sports Medicine
麻醉学 Anesthesiology
急诊医学 Emergency Medicine
口腔医学 Stomatology
口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology
口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology
公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine
流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics
劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health
营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene
儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health
卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology
军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine
中医学 Chinese Medicine
中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine
中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine
中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine
方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine
中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine
中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine
中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine
中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine
中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine
中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine
中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine
针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine
民族医学 Ethnomedicine
中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine
中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative
中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine
药学 Pharmaceutical Science
药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry
药剂学 Pharmaceutics
生药学 Pharmacognosy
药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis
微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy
药理学 Pharmacology
中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology
军事学 Military Science
军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History
军事思想学 Military Thought
军事历史学 Military History
战略学 Science of Strategy
军事战略学 Military Strategy
战争动员学 War Mobilization
战役学 Science of Operations
联合战役学 Joint Operation
军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学） Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)
战术学 Science of Tactics
合同战术学 Combined-Arms Tactics
兵种战术学 Branch Tactics
军队指挥学 Science of Command
作战指挥学 Combat Command
军事运筹学 Military Operation Research
军事通信学 Military Communication
军事情报学 Military Intelligence
密码学 Cryptography
军事教育训练学
（含军事体育学） Military Ecation and Training (including Military Physical Training)
军制学 Science of Military System
军事组织编制学 Military Organizational System
军队管理学 Military Management
军队政治工作学 Science of Military Political Work
军事后勤学与军事装备学 Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment
军事后勤学 Military Logistics
后方专业勤务 Rear Special Service
军事装备学 Military Equipment
管理学 Management Science
管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering
工商管理学 Science of Business Administration
会计学 Accounting
企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学） Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)
旅游管理学 Tourist Management
技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management
农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management
农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management
林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management
公共管理学 Science of Public Management
行政管理学 Administration Management
社会医学与卫生事业管理学 Social Medicine and Health Management
教育经济与管理学 Ecational Economy and Management
社会保障学 Social Security
土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management
图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival
图书馆学 Library Science
情报学 Information Science
档案学 Archival Science

http://hi..com/lqn07/blog/

❻ 生物，地理，历史，政治，语文，数学，英语它们分别的英文翻译

数学 mathematics/maths
物理 physics
英语 english
政治 political class/course
生物 organism
地理 geography
历史 history

❼ “历史地理学”英语怎么说

historical geography
history geography
histo-geography

❽ 各个学科的英文单词分别是什么

1、Chinese语文：语文是语言以及文学、文化的简称。

2、English英语：英语（English）作为世界通用语言，是联合国的工作语言之一，也是事实上的国际交流语言。

3、Japanese日语：日语复杂的书写系统是其一大特征，其书写系统包括了日语汉字（大多数的汉字又有音读及训读两种念法）、平假名、片假名三种文字系统

4、mathematics数学：数学(mathematics)，是研究数量、结构、变化、空间以及信息等概念的一门学科，从某种角度看属于形式科学的一种。

5、science自然：自然是指大自然中各个事物的总体。

20、philosophy哲学

21、engineering工程学

22、mechanical engineering机械工程学

23、electronic engineering电子工程学

24、medicine医学

25、social science社会科学

26、agriculture农学

27、astronomy天文学

28、economics经济学

29、politics政治学

30、comercial science商学

31、biochemistry生物化学

32、anthropology人类学

33、languistics语言学

34、accounting会计学

35、law, jurisprdence法学

❾ 历史和地理用英语怎么读

地理——geography的读音：英 [dʒiˈɒgrəfi]，美 [dʒiˈɑ:grəfi]；历史——history的读音：英 [ˈhɪstri]，美 [ˈhɪstəri]

一、geography

英 [dʒiˈɒgrəfi] 美 [dʒiˈɑ:grəfi]

n.地理（学），地形，地势，布局

1、Why are Geography, Drama, Art and English in the ascendant?

为什么地理、戏剧、艺术和英语逐渐受宠？

2、History and geography have conspired to bring Greece to a moment of decision

历史和地理因素共同将希腊推至作出抉择的紧要关头。

二、history

英 [ˈhɪstri] 美 [ˈhɪstəri]

n.历史，历史学，发展史，履历，经历，（某地的）沿革

1、Its history is expressive of the character and development of the people who possess it.

它的历史体现了其拥有者的性格特征和发展过程。

2、The book is a kind of allegory of Latin American history.

这本书是对拉丁美洲历史的一种讽喻。

(9)历史地理学英语名词扩展阅读

历史地理学英语名词

(4)历史地理学英语名词扩展阅读

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